The existence and growth of homelessness in the US and the world loudly imposes a question; how can housing not be a human right? How could a self-respecting society not provide housing for all the people composing it? There are a few Constitutions in the world in which housing is named as a human right (e.g. Venezuela). What is preventing it from being named a human right in most other countries? Is it not time to speak about this? Does the existence of homelessness suggest that human existence is not the primary concern for human society?
Rights
Let us begin with civil rights. The Constitution provides that government shall make no laws abridging freedom of speech, religion, press, the right to bear arms, security in one’s home, etc. When we speak about civil rights, we reason logically from these constitutional clauses. They describe relations between individuals and political (legislative) power. They represent how the Constitution, the source of political structure, sets limits on its own power. Nevertheless, those limits are often self-indulgent. For instance, the police have SWAT teams and no-knock warrants that are legally and existentially in violation of civil rights. If rights can be violated, then they exist only as politically bestowed. When the Constitution bans their abridgement, it implies that abridgement was imminently possible.
Human rights exist as characteristics of people, and thus of relations between people. The Declaration of Independence opens with a reference to human rights declaring them "inalienable." But the Constitution amends that to say, “No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” If deprivation is possible under certain conditions, then the right is not inalienable. And again, life and liberty are violated by the police all the time. To handcuff a person without warranted arrest and without due process is a violation of human rights. When a cop shoots a man in the back, it is intentional murder. So what are we really talking about? To disrespect a person’s human rights is to demean their humanity. To demean the humanity of the homeless, as so many neighborhood home-owners tend to do, is precisely to invoke housing as a human right.
The right to property is more complicated. There is a contract clause in the Constitution that says. “No state shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts.” Contract is a relation of agreement between two people, or two legal entities, involving exchange and price. Pollution cannot be stopped without purchasing the polluter’s compliance. Sale of land cannot be rescinded except with negotiated compensation. All disputes over property devolve to issues of cost. To speak about the money expended when a marriage ceremony in Afghanistan is bombed by US airplanes becomes a way of not thinking about the many dismembered bodies.
When property rights crash against human rights, it is property rights that win. If a small town in Illinois decides that a black family should not be allowed to buy a house in it because that will reduce real estate values for all, the sale is voided. When property owners complain about a homeless encampment, it is the encampment that is razed, and not the owners penalized for harassing or illegally molesting the homeless. So how are we supposed to speak about "human" rights at all?
If property is a relation between contracting parties, is the same true for life and liberty? It is against power that the deprivation of life and liberty banned. Why is that ban of less concern or import than the sanctity of contract? How did that hierarchy come to exist? Either it represents a huge hypocrisy central to this society, or the sanctity of contract is a mistake. If property is a relation between people, then so is life and liberty. But they are not mediated by cash. Does housing relate to rights only through cash, or does it have a direct relation to life and liberty?
This problem extends deep into this society. Private prisons are institutions that assist government in depriving people of their liberty (with due process). They do it for profit, which transgresses rights insofar as property becomes the location of power, and not simply its instrument. They have transgressed the constitutional equity between human and property rights. Once power locates itself in property, property holds clear hegemony over the right to life and liberty. The police, who have established their insular power and impunity to kill on the street and get paid for it, have stepped across that boundary as well. How are we to rectify this transgression, to render this society a democracy and not an autocracy of property rights?
For housing to be a human right, it would have to stand with life and liberty, rather than with property. Nevertheless, housing has a cost. The act of making housing a human right would subordinate that contractual aspect to its human dimension; in other words, it would invert the hierarchy, and be an instance of giving human rights hegemony over property rights. It would undo the hierarchy that the sanctity of contract has imposed on life and liberty. Government would have to take responsibility for housing as it does for life and liberty. In short, it would produce a situation in which the recognition would be unavoidable that this society has yet to found itself on human rights. That is, it has yet to become a democracy.
The dichotomy between democracy and autocracy
The idea of government taking responsibility for housing has been the subject of this series articles (on SB-35). We have seen that, in terms of that law, the government of California has acted like a classical protection racket, while at the same time being in conflict with its own state Constitution. In that sense, it enacts an autocracy of property rights, which is in evidence all around us in the increasing gap between the rich and the poor. It is precisely that gap that people are calling in question by demanding affordable housing. Affordability is the nickname for that gap.
Confronted with the coincidence of two governmental systems, the autocratic and the democratic, what marks their conflict is their inversion of procedure. In one system, political decisions are made, and then there is outreach to explain those decisions to the people, and get feedback on what is already an accomplished fact. In the other system, there is outreach to the people first, with discussion on issues and on the resolution of problems. It produces thinking and awareness, and often consensus on the basis of which decisions can then be made. The first system is one of autocracy, government acting first and on its own, and then imposing itself on the people. The second system is that of democracy in which the people discuss what they need and expect elected representatives to manifest those needs as governmental enactments.
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